Monkeypox outbreak causes concern around the world

As of May 26th 2022, more than 226 confirmed cases of monkeypox had been registered across 21 countries. Most cases are in young or middle-aged men.

The first nine cases were detected in the United Kingdom in early May. One of the patients had just returned from a trip to Nigeria, where the virus is more common. The other eight patients appear to have been contracted within the UK - this is called community transmission. Since then new cases have been reported in 21 other countries.

The monkeypox virus, a relative of the smallpox virus, usually presents with mild symptoms, but can be much more serious - especially in people with weakened immunity. The virus causes a rash that can appear on the face, genitals, palms, soles of feet and other places.

From what we know the incubation period is around three weeks before the onset of symptoms, and the disease itself lasts around two to four weeks. There are no licensed treatments for Monkeypox, but early data is suggesting smallpox treatments may provide some benefit. The current mortality rate is around 1%.

Monkeypox, like smallpox, is most commonly associated with animal transmission, but the virus can also be passed from person to person. This can happen by airborne droplets, saliva and other bodily fluids, as well as contact with skin lesions, the patients clothing or bed linens. The CDC says that the virus can enter the body through the respiratory tract, damaged skin, or mucous membranes.

Established smallpox vaccines, like that produced by Bavarian Nordic, can help prevent monkeypox infection. Some countries are already stockpiling the vaccine, whilst others are giving it to ‘close contacts’ of confirmed patients.

Risk of infection can also be reduced by washing hands frequently, disinfecting frequently touched surfaces, wearing a face mask, and reducing close contact with other people.